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CANADA MASSIVE PRODUCTION DURING WW2 ... Canadian WW2 Archives How Canada Became the Ally That Armed 70% of Everyone Else PLAY YOUTUBE VIDEO Original article: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYG8jOaH5X4
How Canada Became the Ally That Armed 70% of Everyone Else Canadian WW2 Archives Dec 31, 2025 1.64K subscribers September 1939. Canada had almost no war industry - one small arsenal, 30,000 outdated machines, Depression economy. By 1945, Canada became the 4th largest Allied war producer, supplying 70% of production to Britain and America. This is the impossible transformation: how C.D. Howe and hundreds of thousands of Canadians turned empty fields into Lancaster bomber factories, rifle plants producing 900,000 weapons, and shipyards building corvettes faster than Germany could sink them. The forgotten industrial miracle that armed the Allies - Canada's leap from economic crisis to Arsenal of Democracy in five years. Peter Burgess COMMENTARY Peter Burgess Transcript 0:00 This is a true story. September 3rd, 1939, Britain declares war on Germany. Canada's cabinet meets in Ottawa. The question on the table is simple and enormous at the same time. What can this country contribute to a modern industrial war? The answer, buried in confidential surveys and departmental memos, is brutal in its honesty. almost nothing. The nation has 30,000 industrial machines. Most are over a decade old. There is one small federal arsenal in Quebec City that makes limited quantities of ammunition. One subsidiary plant in Lindseay, Ontario, reopened 2 years earlier. One contract for 125 pounder artillery guns placed with Marine Industries in Surell, Quebec. Total value of manufacturing equipment 1:01 in the entire country, $58 million. Canada is emerging from the Great Depression with hundreds of thousands still on relief. Men ride the rails looking for work that doesn't exist. Factories produce automobiles and trucks, but most heavy industrial goods come from somewhere else. The nation's mines produce copper and zinc and gold, but weapons, artillery, aircraft, ships, the infrastructure simply doesn't exist. 5 days later, September 8th, Prime Minister McKenzie King rises in Parliament. This country, he tells the House, should be the Arsenal of the Allies. It's an extraordinary statement given the facts. the arsenal of the allies. But there's nothing to build weapons with. No factories toolled for 2:00 munitions. No skilled workforce trained in precision manufacturing. No production lines capable of churning out rifles or shells or tanks. The last war 21 years earlier produced mainly artillery shells and that effort generated scandals and production failures from beginning to end. Still, King makes the declaration. Canada will be the arsenal. The question now is how to make that promise real. The answer comes in the form of one man. Clarence Decarta how born in Massachusetts MIT graduate engineering professor at Kitua Dalhauszy made wealthy building grain elevators across the West. Elected Liberal MP for Port Arthur in 1935. Minister of transport. Tough, blunt, 3:01 familiar with business and the men who run it. September 1939, Parliament creates the Department of Munitions and Supply. The War Supply Board handles procurement at first, but progress is slow. Financial concerns crimp British orders. Ottawa's own purchases remain restrained. The machinery of government moves at peaceime speed while Europe burns. Then everything changes. April 9th, 1940. Same day, German troops pour into Denmark and Norway. The department of munitions and supply officially comes into being with how as its minister. One month later, May 10th, their marked tanks crash through the Arden. The Majino line becomes irrelevant overnight. By June, France has fallen. The British army evacuates from Dunkirk, leaving 75,000 vehicles destroyed or 4:07 abandoned on French beaches. Britain stands alone and Britain is nearly said defenseless. Suddenly the financial concerns evaporate. Britain needs weapons, needs them desperately, needs them now. Money doesn't matter anymore. Production does. August 7th, 1940. Parliament amends the Department of Munitions and Supply Act. The new language gives Howal power that would be unthinkable in peace time. authority to mobilize, control, restrict or regulate to such extent as the minister may in his absolute discretion deem necessary any branch or trade or industry in Canada or any munitions of war or supplies. absolute discretion. Any industry, any supplies, how also 5:05 receives exclusive power to buy, manufacture or produce munitions and supplies required by the Department of National Defense, one man controlling the entire Canadian industrial war effort. Canada becomes the only allied nation with a single agency handling all war procurement. No competition between services for scarce supplies. No bureaucratic turf wars. Cabinet and how decide and how's voice rings clearest. If you're enjoying this story of Canada's forgotten industrial transformation, please consider subscribing to V2 Stories. We uncover the Canadian military achievements that history overlooked. The moments when Canadians accomplished the extraordinary 6:01 and the world forgot. He moves fast because there's no time for anything else. His biographer Robert Boswell will later write, 'There was no time to consider production programs in detail.' How surrounds himself with businessmen, calls them dollar a year men, executives loaned by their companies to serve for a token payment of $1 annually while their firms keep them on payroll. EP Taylor, WC Woodward, JP Bickl, men who understand how to make things, how to organize production, how to get results. By late February 1941, $17 a year men work across government. How's department has by far the most. The department establishes 28 crown corporations to avoid creating massive bureaucracy. 7:00 Victory Aircraft for bombers. Polymer Corporation for synthetic rubber. Research Enterprises for high technology. Defense Industries Limited for munitions and explosives. Each operates like a private company but serves public purpose. Small Arms Limited breaks ground near Long Branch. In late August 1940, Colonel Malcolm Jolly gets the assignment. build a factory capable of manufacturing rifles. He starts with nothing. Empty land next to the long branch rifle ranges. No staff, no building, no machinery, not even an office. June 1940. Jolly has two employees. He rents space on the third floor of a building at 6 Charles Street East in Toronto above Postal Station F. works from there while contractors design and build the factory. Meanwhile, 8:00 he's hiring staff for machine tool design and production planning. Manufacturing the number four Mac I rifle will require precision that most Canadian workers have never attempted. The challenge is enormous. Where do you find trained personnel when men are volunteering for military service? How do you train people with no experience to manufacture firearms? Each rifle requires tolerances measured in thousandth of an inch. One mistake and the weapon jams, misfires, fails when a soldier needs it most. Jolly visits New York June 21st, then again July 8th, places purchase orders for manufacturing equipment through the British Purchasing Commission. Equipment also arrives from the defunct Ross rifle factory in Quebec. By February 1941, 9:03 machine tools begin arriving. Each piece gets tested using international slinger machine tool testing standard must achieve tolerances of 1/2,000th of an inch. Only after approval does the government pay for the equipment and install it in the plant. The production line uses individual electric motors for each machine, allows engineers to arrange operations in sequence. component moves from worker to worker. Each performs specific operation. Simple, efficient, repeatable. Employees with basic mechanical training can produce finished rifles to exacting standards. 10 months after breaking ground, June 1941, the first five Lee Enfield rifles emerge for inspection and 10:00 trials. They pass. September 1941, first 200 rifles shipped to Europe. The plant eventually spans 212,000 square ft, employs 4600 people, at peak, 65% women. Over the next 4 years, almost a million rifles, 100,000 Sten submachine guns. Over a thousand rifles selected for superior accuracy get converted to number four meam IT sniper rifles. Beachwood cheek pieces modified receivers, scopes, sling swivels, 7,022 caliber training rifles. Every rifle stamped long branch on the receiver. Women who never held tools become precision machinists, work 12-hour shifts, sleep in dormitories built along Dixie Road and Lakeshore Road East. 422 11:00 beds for female employees to address. Housing shortage. Street car lines expand to service workers living farther away. By 1944, order cancellations begin. D-Day invasion succeeds. War in Europe clearly turning. Workers laid off. But Jolly plans ahead. Submits proposal to government. Convert 80% of factory space for peacetime industry leasing. Keep 20% for small arms maintenance and repair. Government accepts. Small Arms Limited ceases operations. December 31st, 1945. Final production, 1122 rifles and 58 sniper rifles in the fourth quarter. Last order for 70,000 rifles cancelled. August 17th, 1945. 200 employees remain for accounting and 12:01 equipment organization. Canadian Arsenals Limited takes over January 1st, 1946. The transformation from bare ground to nearly a million rifles. 5 years. Victory aircraft faces even greater complexity. November 4th, 1942. The government expropriates the molten plant from National Steel Car after questions arise about the company's ability to manage the Lancaster Bomber Program. Creates Victory Aircraft Limited as Crown Corporation under the Department of Munitions and Supply Act. JP Bickl, one of Howal's dollar a year men, becomes president and chairman. The factory near today's Toronto Pearson Airport receives contract September 18th, 1941 to build Lancaster heavy bombers, the most complex aircraft ever attempted in Canada. 500,000 13:02 manufacturing operations required. 55,000 separate components, not counting engines, turrets, rivets, nuts, and bolts. January 1942. Blueprints arrive from Britain. Engineers stare at drawings that seem impossible. How do you build this? Where do you start? A Lancaster Mi flies across the Atlantic in August 1942. Serial number R5727 to serve as pattern aircraft. Canadian engineers examine every rivet, every joint, every system, taking measurements, making notes, understanding how British built it so Canadians can match the quality. The Canadian version designated Mac X will differ in key ways. Packard Merlin 14:01 engines built in the United States replace British Rolls-Royce engines. All instruments North American manufacturer radio equipment North American. Later series will replace the Fraser Nash FN50 midupper turret with Americanmade Martin 250 CE turret repositioned on the fuselage due to weight differences. But the critical requirement, all major subasssemblies must be interchangeable with British versions. Damaged aircraft in Europe can't wait for parts from Canada. Initially, all components built at Molton except bomb doors, flaps, ailerons, and elevators produced by Ottawa Car and Aircraft Limited. Later, more subcontracting. Canadian General Electric in Toronto constructs fuel tanks, tail plane, fins, rudders. Fleet aircraft in Fort Erie, Ontario builds 15:02 outer wings. Supply chain spreads across the province. Collaboration that will help define Canada's postwar aviation industry from first blueprints to first test. Flight 16 months. August 1st, 1943. Almost exactly one year after the patent aircraft landed, Canadian prototype KB700 rolls off the assembly line. They name her ROR Express. The christristening ceremony draws the entire Victory aircraft workforce, broadcast across Canada on radio. National pride moment. Proof that Canadian workers can build the most sophisticated bomber in Allied service. She's barely able to fly when wheeled out, missing some essential gear in the rush to meet deadline. But the departure to England makes headlines. Feedback from AV Row in Manchester arrives weeks later. That's how an 16:05 airplane should be built. The RUR Express is the best equipped aircraft received from North America. Chief Inspector's stamp of approval validates everything Canadian workers achieved. Production eventually reaches one aircraft per day. Workforce grows from 3,300 in 1942 to over 9,500 by 1944, about a quarter women. Each Lancaster contains miles of wiring, thousands of rivets, complex hydraulic systems for powerful engines. Women rivet fuselages install electrical systems, work assembly lines, turning components into bombers. Total production before war ends. 430 Lancaster Mech X bombers, all fed to England, all assigned to number six group RCIF in Britain, the Canadian 17:06 component of RAF Bomber Command. An all Canadian contribution from Canadian workers building Canadian bombers for Canadian air crews. 70 aircraft canled May 1945 when fighting ends in Europe. 100 Lincoln upgraded Lancaster variant ordered for Tiger Force to bomb Japan. Cancelled August 1945 when Japan surrenders. Only one Lincoln completed, flying in October to keep remaining workers employed. The only Lincoln built by victory, though 200 were planned. Eight Lancasters never completed as bombers converted to long range transport aircraft designated Lancaster XP passenger planes. Operate Canadian government transatlantic air service from 1943 to 1947. 18:05 Average crossing 13 hours 25 minutes. First regular mail service to Canadian forces overseas. later carry paying passengers, eventually replaced by Douglas DC4s. In April 1947, CGTA becomes part of TransCanada Airlines. The wartime bomber program ushers in the era of commercial air travel across North Atlantic. Defense Industries Limited tells another transformation story. September 1939, Canadian Industries Limited creates DIL as subsidiary to manufacture munitions. Small Beginning contract to operate two plants making TNT and cordite. Then demand explodes. The Pickering Works rises on 3,000 acres of Ontario farmland. Construction begins 1941. 19:05 when complete becomes the largest munitions factory in the British Empire. Employs 9,000 people at peak. 7,000 of them women. The numbers those women and men produce defy easy comprehension. 40 million percussion caps, detonators, bombs, anti-tank mines, armor-piercing shells, anti-aircraft shells filled and shipped. Other DIL plants spread across the country. Nobel Ontario, Transcona, Manitoba, Salibary Dealfield and Bellow Quebec. S Paul Leermit Santz. Each site produces explosives, chemicals, ammunition components. An integrated system assembling billions of rounds of small arms ammunition, millions of artillery rounds. September 1944. Defense Industries Limited facility in 20:04 Sherriier, Quebec. Ceremony marking production of the 100 millionth 25 pounder shell. Edna Pareier presents the shell to CD. How cameras flash. 100 million shells. The number almost loses meaning through sheer scale. Women work the hot corner at Cherier plant, filling 20 mm shells with explosive. Dangerous work. Tony Lantia and his team supervise. Helen Pelier removes masks from shells before painting. Assembly line work repetitive, exhausting, critical. Each shell must be perfect because soldiers lives depend on it. The workforce composition reflects the desperate need. July 1944, over 107,000 workers employed in munitions industry across Canada. 40% women. They receive 21:05 lower wages than men. The bitter reality of the time, but many express pride in their contributions. At peak, DIL alone employs 33,000 workers across all plants. The legacy proves complex. War production makes major contribution to Allied victory. Helps propel Canada to fourth largest munitions producing Allied nation. But decades later, environmental contamination at many sites becomes clear. the cost of rapid wartime production paid by future generations cleaning up toxic residue. Still, the transformation remains remarkable. From two small plants making TNT and cordite to Empire's largest munitions operation in under 2 years, Canadian workers, mostly women, filling 22:04 40 million shells while their country fights for survival. By June 12th, 1943, The Globe and Mail publishes a chart showing one week's production from Canadian factories. The numbers seem impossible. 900,000 Canadian workers producing at least six vessels, 80 aircraft, 4,000 motor vehicles, 450 armored fighting vehicles, 940 heavy guns, 13,000 smaller weapons, 525,000 artillery shells, 25 million cartridges, 10,000 tons of explosives, $4 million worth of instruments and communications, equipment every week. Those numbers and 1944 brings even higher production peaks. Canadian shipyards undergo similar 23:01 transformation. February 1940, first corvette orders placed. Same month, 10 kees laid. By year's end, 44 corvettes launched. 12 manned and ready for Atlantic convoy duty. The Corvette becomes Canada's signature warship. Small, agile anti-ubmarine vessel designed for convoy escort. Flowerclass corvettes rough ride involved. Atlantic swells, cramped quarters, but effective against yubot hunting merchant shipping. Canadian yards build 206 corvettes total during the war. the backbone of the Royal Canadian Navy's expansion from 13 vessels in 1939 to over 400 by 1945. But corvettes are just beginning. Frigots, mine sweepers, tugs, landing 24:03 craft, motor torpedo boats, patrol boats. The Royal Canadian Navy wants tribal class destroyers. Powerful ships almost matching light cruisers. Heavily armed, fast, half again as big as destroyers Canada started the war with. Britain supplies four Haider, Aabaskcan, Huron, Irakquy. Late in the war, Canadian yards receive permission to build their own merchant vessels. 410 built during the war. 10,000 ton cargo ships, 57,000 workers employed in merchant ship building, another 27,000 in naval construction. Yards on both coasts work around the clock. Great lakes facilities contribute. St. Lawrence yards produce vessels that will never see ocean combat, but keep supply 25:01 lines open. Each launch represents months of labor. Steel plates riveted, welded, engines installed, electrical systems wired, weapons mounted, sea trials conducted, then off to war. Crossing Atlantic, hunting submarines, escorting convoys carrying food and fuel and ammunition that keeps Britain fighting. Automotive plants transform. Ford and General Motors in Ashawa produce the Canadian military pattern truck, the CMP, light and medium vehicles used by all Commonwealth armies. Canada becomes the Commonwealth's main supplier. Over 800,000 military vehicles produced during the war. Of these 45,710 are armored vehicles. Many go to the British 8th Army in North Africa and 26:04 Italy. The Bits and Pieces program brings scores of small factories into war production. Harry Carmichael from General Motors, another dollar a year man, develops a genius for subcontracting. Canadian Cycle and Motor Company in Western Ontario made bicycles and hockey skates before the war. Now they manufacture gun parts, tripods for Bren guns, cradles, and pivots for anti-tank guns. The British initially rated these small facilities as little better than garages. Carmichael proves them wrong. Aircraft production jumps from nearly zero to over 4,000 per year by 1944. 116,000 workers, 30,000 of them women produce more than 16,400 aircraft total. Hurricanes, Anson, Mosquitoes, Catalinas, Harvards, 27:06 Cornells, Lancasters. Canada produces 40% of all allied aluminum, critical metal for aircraft construction. The smelter at Arvida, Quebec, becomes the largest aluminum producing unit in the world. The numbers keep mounting. Canada supplies 95% of allied nickel, 75% of asbestos, 20% of zinc, 12% of copper, 15% of lead. Raw materials alone, 5.8 billion between 1939 and 1945. By 1945, the transformation is complete. Canada's war production ranks fourth among the Allies, trailing only the United States, USSR, and Britain. Total value, approximately 10 billion in 1945 28:07 currency, equivalent to over 100 billion today. 70% goes to supply other allies. Only 30% stays for Canada's own military. Stories like this, Canada's transformation from depression economy to industrial superpower in 5 years, rarely make it into textbooks. If you want to discover more forgotten Canadian achievements, from World War II, hit that subscribe button. Every week, we bring you the history Canada earned but the world forgot. The scale of change defies easy comprehension. In 1939, Canada had $58 million worth of manufacturing equipment. By 1945, over $300 million in new industrial 29:01 machinery has been purchased, industrial machines from 30,000 to 70,000. And the new equipment is the most modern machinery in the country. While private companies that didn't supply the war effort are left with worn out, obsolete equipment, Canada's gross national product almost doubles, 5.6 billion in 1939, 11.8 billion by 1945. The nation that entered the war, still recovering from depression, emerges as the third largest trading nation in the world. Employment in war industries grows from 121,000 in late 1939 to over 1 million by 1943. Women in that workforce increased from 30:00 6,000 to 261,000. The labor surplus shifts to labor shortage. National Selective Service is established in 1941 to oversee work placements. Women's Division added in 1942. By 1943, over a quarter million women work in war factories, earning wages almost equivalent to men. Housing shortages follow. Workers relocate to munitions plants and factories. Wartime Housing Limited, another Crown Corporation, builds adequate quality residences meant to last decades. Two-bedroom house, $1,982. 4bedroom, $2,680. The federal government shares costs with provinces for daycare facilities, though most child care still falls to family members or community volunteers. How 31:02 himself is not immune from the war's dangers. December 1940, he sails to Britain aboard the Western Prince to discuss matters with British procurement officials. The North Atlantic crossing is intensely dangerous. German submarines everywhere attempting to blockade Britain. December 14th, a yubot torpedoes the western prince. Howal survives the sinking and 8 hours in a lifeboat on the icy sea. His aid, Gordon Scott, is killed trying to climb from the lifeboat to the rescuing ship. Howal later tells the Manchester Guardian he considers every hour he lives from that day to be borrowed time but he keeps working keeps driving production keeps building the arsenal historian Michael Bliss will later write for how and other 32:02 entrepreneurial spirits interested in the creative uses of government power the war was a kind of ultimate mega project a great development job. Money didn't matter. Production did. According to biographer Leslie Roberts, what how started in 1940 was an industrial revolution so widespread that most Canadians were unaware of its extent or of its penetration into the country's economy. The legacy extends beyond numbers. When war ends, most factories don't simply shut down. CDH how moves to the new department of reconstruction orchestrating transition from wartime to peaceime economy. Jobs disappear, yes, but new employment replaces them. By 1948, unemployment remains at minimum. 33:01 Steel mills exceed wartime capacity. Demand for aluminum holds. The industrial base created for war becomes foundation for postwar prosperity. Victory aircraft becomes AVO Canada in 1945 when Omaron British company purchases the plant. The factory that built Lancasters will later attempt building the CF105 Arrow, the advanced twin jet supersonic fighter cancelled in 1959. Small Arms Limited transitions to Canadian Arsenals Limited in January 1946. Colonel Jolie's plan converts 80% of the plant for private industry leasing, keeping 20% for small arms maintenance. The facility serves various government purposes until closure in 1976, but the deeper transformation is permanent. Canada enters the war as 34:04 agricultural economy still reeling from depression emerges as industrial power. Roberts argues how's action swung Canada's economy from agriculture-based to industrial, a change that became permanent. The Arsenal promise made in September 1939 seemed impossible at the time. A nation with almost no munitions capacity declaring itself supplier to the allies. But 12 months after how takes absolute control, the impossible becomes real. Factories rise on empty ground. Production lines that don't exist in 1939 churn out weapons by 1941. Women who never worked in manufacturing become precision machinists. dollar a year men coordinate the largest peaceime to wartime industrial mobilization in 35:03 Canadian history. By 1943, the fourth largest war producer among allies. By 1944, production peaks that seemed unimaginable 5 years earlier. By 1945, 70% of output going to keep other Allied nations supplied and fighting. The arsenal of democracy, not American phrase borrowed and repurposed. Canadian reality built from depression rubble and desperation and how's absolute discretion to mobilize any industry for war. King made the promise in parliament September 14th 1939 told the house Canada should be Arsenal of the allies pledge no conscription though that promise wouldn't survive the war's pressures but the arsenal promise that one how delivered the numbers tell one story 10 billion in war production 36:06 $815,000 military vehicles 16,000 aircraft Over a million rifles, billions of rounds of ammunition, millions of artillery shells, 410 merchant vessels, 206 corvettes. But the human story runs deeper and truer. 900,000 workers, men and women, building vessels and aircraft and vehicles every single week at production peak. Colonel Jolly turning empty land into rifle factory in 10 months with workers who never held precision tools before. Victory aircraft producing Lancaster bombers one per day with workforce that grew from 3,300 to 9500. Small factories making gun parts instead of hockey skates. Canadian cycle and 37:04 motor company workers who made bicycles now manufacturing Bren gun tripods and anti-tank gun cradles. Women filling shells at DIL plants, knowing one mistake could kill them, but filling shells anyway because soldiers needed ammunition. Women riveting Lancaster fuselages at victory aircraft. Women operating lathes at small arms limited with tolerances measured in thousandths of an inch. Women sleeping in dormatories, riding street cars to shifts, working 12 hours, then coming back to do it again. Canada becomes Arsenal not through existing industrial might, but through willingness to build that might from almost nothing. The depression nation with 30,000 worn out machines most over a decade old 38:01 transforms itself into industrial power with 70,000 modern machines in 5 years. The country with $ 58 million in manufacturing equipment invest $300 million in new machinery during the war from agriculture-based economy to industrial powerhouse. permanent shift that outlasts the war. When peace comes, how moves to department of reconstruction and orchestrates the transition. Steel mills exceed wartime capacity by 1948. Aluminum demand holds. Unemployment stays at minimum. The industrial infrastructure created for war becomes foundation for postwar prosperity. The workers who built the arsenal don't simply disappear when peace arrives. Many women leave factory floors, some by choice, many pushed out as returning soldiers reclaim jobs. But the skills 39:05 remain. The knowledge that they could do precision work, complex manufacturing, industrial production at scale impossible before the war. That knowledge doesn't evaporate. Neither does the infrastructure, the factories, the machine tools, the organizational capability. Victory Aircraft becomes Avro Canada in 1945 when British company purchases the Molton plant. The factory that built 430 Lancasters will later attempt the CF-15 Arrow, most advanced supersonic fighter of its era. program cancelled 1959, but the ambition to build it traces directly back to Lancaster production lines. Canadian Arsenals Limited continues Small Arms Limited's work from 1946 onward. The facility serves various 40:06 purposes, small arms, maintenance, precision manufacturing, government training until final closure 1976. But for 30 years after war ends, the infrastructure Jolly built keeps working. Towns grow from factory housing. Ajax, Ontario, emerges from the Pickering Works employee residences. Homes built as temporary wartime shelter become permanent. Workers petitioned to buy them after war. Foundations added. New Town Incorporated. Named after HMS Ajax, Royal Navy Light Cruiser, permanent community born from munitions factory emergency housing. King called it. How built it. Canadian workers, men and women from farms and cities and small towns made it real, made it work, 41:06 made it produce the arsenal of democracy. Forged in fire, built on borrowed time. How's borrowed time after 8 hours in lifeboat on icy Atlantic? Powered by people who turned impossible into inevitable. Who took depression, unemployment, outdated equipment, almost zero munitions capacity and transformed it into fourth largest allied war producer in 5 years. September 1939, almost no munitions capacity, one small arsenal, one contract for 100 guns. By 1945, fourth among allies in war production, 70% of output supplying other allied nations from zero to arsenal in 5 years. That's the Canadian transformation. 42:05 That's how democracy and Canadians fought back. That's how a nation with 11 million people built war machine that helped defeat fascism. Not through what they had, through what they built. Through what they became. The arsenal of democracy.

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