Contents: Chapter List
- Chapter 1. Why this book?
- Chapter 2. Development has failed.
- Chapter 3. Why the failure?
- Chapter 4. There are ways forward!
- Chapter 5. Community Focus Development
- Chapter 6. Resources: Natural Resources
- Chapter 7. Resources: Human Resources ... People
- Chapter 8. Organizations
- Chapter 9. Enabling Environment
- Chapter 10. Community Productivity
- Chapter 11. The Information Dimension
- Chapter 12. Sector Perspective
- Chapter 13. Sectors: Governance ... Government
- Chapter 14. Sectors: Infrastructure
- Chapter 15. Sectors: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
- Chapter 16. Sectors: Industrial Sector
- Chapter 17. Sectors: Trade and Logistics
- Chapter 18. Sectors: Service Sectors
- Chapter 19. A lot more issues ... afterword
Chapter Descriptions
Chapter 1 Why This Book?
This chapter answers some key questions. Why is this book being written? Why
the writer can write this book? What the writer hopes to achieve? Development
has failed ... time to make some changes. What sort of impact a changed
paradigm shift will produce? These are important questions ... the book is a
starting point.
Chapter 2 Development Has Failed
The failure of development is hidden ... possible because it is a long way from
the mainstream media, and the leadership of society does not want data about
the abysmal state of much of the world to be easily accessible and the basis for
dialog and decision making.
Chapter 3 Why the Failure?
This chapter explains why there has been failure. The reasons are many ... but in
part it is because both the objectives and the approach are wrong. Most of the
explanations have been self serving, and the solutions rarely make much of a
difference.
Chapter 4 There Are Ways Forward
There are ways forward ... not one, but many. A single silver bullet is not the
right approach ... rather there needs to be a use of resources that gets the most
value for the society as possible.
Chapter 5 Community Focus Development
In this chapter, it is argued that community is the best level of society to
facilitate development. It is more effective than a single person, and has a scale
that is optimum for progress because the interventions may be selected to
address the important priorities of the community. The key metrics for
development progress emerge from performance at the community level using
Community Analytics.
Chapter 6 Resources: Natural Resources
What natural resources are available, and how can local natural resources be
used as an economic driver for the area? What is the natural economic potential
of the area? Are there other local resources that have economic potential?
Natural resources rarely deliver economic value to the local community. Far too
often they are exploited in ways that make them a local liability and a huge asset
for remote stakeholders.
Chapter 7 Resources: Human Resources ... People
People are the key to everything. They are hidden potential and at the same time
the limiting constraint. People are human, with all the problems that go along
with that. What is the human potential? What is needed so that people can do
the maximum that they are capable of?
Chapter 8 Organizations
What are the capabilities of existing organizations? What is needed so that they
can do the maximum that they can do? What business organizations? What
financial organizations? What professional organizations are there and what can
they do? What community organizations? What faith based organizations and
activities? How can people organize themselves in the best possible way so that
they can progress. How can people organize so that they can best help
themselves.
Chapter 9 Enabling Environment
What is the enabling environment? It is a lot more than just governance and
government, the law and regulation? It is also the infrastructure and the social
services like health and education, and the financial services. The enabling
environment may also be a major constraint on the socio-economic progress of
the community.
Chapter 10 Community Productivity
What is the underlying productivity of the community. If the community is
surplus producing it can go forward and improve its quality of life ... otherwise
it cannot. The concept is simple ... and explains the endemic economic and
development failure that is pervasive on the planet.
Chapter 11 The Information Dimension
The focus is on management information more than anything else ... information
that facilitates decision making, and with transparency enables accountability.
The ideas for Community Analytics (CA) that is described here originated with
corporate accountancy, and now embrace not only money profit but social value.
Chapters Related to Sectors
Chapter 12 Sector perspective
This chapter describes the importance of a multi-sector approach ... how a single
sector initiative frequently fails because some other sector is not functional. This
chapter also highlights the importance of sector specific technical capacity.
Chapter 13 Sectors: Governance ... government
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• The legislative functions of government
• The executive functions of government
• The enforcement of law and order
Chapter 14 Sectors: Infrastructure
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• Elements of the transport infrastructure
• Elements of the communications infrastructure
• Elements of the energy infrastructure
• Elements of the housing and real estate infrastructure
Chapter 15 Sectors: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• Crop Agriculture
• Livestock agriculture
• Fisheries
• Post harvest processing
• Post harvest marketing
Chapter 16 Sectors: Industrial Sector
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• Mining
• Manufacturing
• Construction
• Tourism
Chapter 17 Sectors: Trade and Logistics
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• Ocean and air shipping
• Ports and airports
• Warehousing
• Internal rail and truck
• Wholesale
• Retail
Chapter 18 Sectors: Service Sectors
This chapter expands on the many components of these sectors including:
• Banking and insurance
• Healthcare
• Education
More Detail Chapter Information
Chapter 1 - Why this book?...................................................................................10
- Why on earth this book?....................................................................................11
- My background..................................................................................................12
- Development has failed.....................................................................................16
- Why and how development has failed .............................................................17
- What needs to be done? ....................................................................................19
- Time to make waves, time for change!.............................................................20
Chapter 2 - Development has Failed......................................................................22
- Poverty, hunger, disease and death ...................................................................23
- Failed development ..........................................................................................23
- Hunger and famine (food, water and basic necessities)....................................25
- War, insecurity and violence.............................................................................27
- Poverty, economic value destruction and the distribution of wealth................30
- Balance of trade, currency crises and government insolvency .........................32
- Health pandemics .............................................................................................33
- Conclusion: What a mess!.................................................................................34
Chapter 3 - Why the failure?..................................................................................34
- Why “Why?” is Never Asked...........................................................................35
- Because the answer is obscene.....................................................................35
- What happens when why is asked?..............................................................36
- The problem..................................................................................................36
- Development performance ... a mess............................................................36
- Why is development analysis so poor?.............................................................37
- Incompetent analysis....................................................................................37
- Good analysis is dangerous..........................................................................37
- Too much an academic exercise...................................................................38
- Highly aggregated reports.............................................................................38
- No accountants in the mainstream................................................................38
- Weakness in accounting...............................................................................39
- No system.....................................................................................................40
- No use of value analysis methodologies.......................................................41
- No management information........................................................................41
- No transparency ...........................................................................................41
- No basis for accountability...........................................................................41
- The US General Accountability Office........................................................42
- Implementing arrangements..............................................................................42
- Why do a few mega-NGOs dominate the aid fund flows?...........................43
- Institutional constraints.....................................................................................45
- Why so many bad decisions?............................................................................46
- Colonial overhang........................................................................................46
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- New Wave for Development
- Wrong scale..................................................................................................47
- A profit maximizing enterprise agenda ............................................................48
- Lack of good governance..................................................................................51
- Health ... HIV-AIDS and other killer diseases..................................................53
- The Project Form of Implementation ...............................................................54
- Where there is meant to be accounting.........................................................54
- Project cycle.................................................................................................54
- Where was the money disbursed?................................................................55
- What was the money used for? ....................................................................55
- Did the project produce value?.....................................................................55
- What about information? ..................................................................................56
Chapter 4 - There are Ways Forward.....................................................................56
- Is Success Possible ... Absolutely......................................................................57
- The goal or purpose of development ...........................................................57
- Priority List......................................................................58
- People centric ... community centric ... development. .................................59
- Resources – use what is available. ...............................................................59
- Process ... activities ... value adding ... value destruction ............................59
- Information...................................................................................................60
- Huge challenge ... many possibilities................................................................60
- Who is going to measure success?...............................................................60
- Economic value destruction.........................................................................61
- People ...............................................................................................................62
- Affinity Organizations..................................................................................63
- Failed Development .....................................................................................64
- Time for Change ...............................................................................................64
- Economic Productivity and Value Creation .....................................................64
- ODA Organizations...........................................................................................65
- Not a Single Silver Bullet..................................................................................66
- Hundreds of Issues........................................................................................66
- Analysis of Relief.............................................................67
- Making sense of chaos..................................................................................67
- Some of the issues........................................................................................67
- Violence ... or Peace?........................................................................................68
- How peace can be achieved .........................................................................68
- Keeping the peace.........................................................................................68
- The problem of inequity ..............................................................................68
- Implementation – Activities..............................................................................69
- Small is Beautiful.........................................................................................69
- Lots of small initiatives ...............................................................................69
- There is no one best way..............................................................................69
- Getting Good Results When There is Chaos................................................70
- Make best use ..............................................................................................71
- Getting the Most for the Least......................................................................71
- Measurement.....................................................................................................72
- Make measurement ... do the accounting.....................................................72
- Performance metrics ... cost and value.........................................................72
- Benchmarks..................................................................................................73
- Feedback............................................................................................................73
- Without feedback ... there is no management...............................................73
- Without improved activities ... there is no point..........................................73
- Reasons for Optimism.......................................................................................74
- Technology ..................................................................................................74
- Human resources..........................................................................................74
- Experience....................................................................................................74
- Natural Resources.........................................................................................74
- Professional sector .......................................................................................75
- Enabling environment for foreign direct investment....................................75
- Capacity for excellence in accounting and accountability............................75
Chapter 5 - Community Focus Development........................................................76
- Focus on Community........................................................................................77
- Community centric development .................................................................77
- Community is for ever .................................................................................78
- Development.................................................................................................78
- Paying Attention to the Past.............................................79
- Community Centric Planning ...........................................................................79
- Planning with a community focus ...............................................................79
- Gosplan does not work.................................................................................79
- Community goal - quality of life..................................................................80
- Components of community planning...........................................................80
- Types of resources .......................................................................................80
- People...........................................................................................................80
- Organizational infrastructure........................................................................81
- Physical infrastructure..................................................................................81
- Natural resources .........................................................................................81
- Materials and production equipment ...........................................................81
- Financial resources.......................................................................................82
- Know-how....................................................................................................82
- Importance of Trust...........................................................................................83
- Framework for Community Metrics..................................................................84
- Corporate financial reports...........................................................................84
- TVM community reports..............................................................................84
- State of Community .....................................................................................84
- Assets ... resources........................................................................................84
- Liabilities ... constraints................................................................................85
- What might be possible?..............................................................................85
Chapter 6 - The emerging wave of related initiatives............................................85
- The P-CED Manifesto.............................................................................86
- Principles of People-Centered Economics.....................................86
- The P-CED Manifesto.............................................................................86
- Principles of People-Centered Economics.....................................86
- Productivity of Community...............................................................................89
- Good place to optimize performance ...........................................................89
- People................................................................................................................90
- Communities ... Where People Live.............................................................90
- Linkages............................................................................................................90
- Modern economics.......................................................................................90
- Linkages and community .............................................................................91
- Linkages ... chaotic multi-sector dynamics...................................................91
- Success with a multi-sector focus ................................................................91
- The FAO Project in Shenge, Sierra Leone.......................92
- Sectors...............................................................................................................93
- Functions...........................................................................................................93
- Organizations ...................................................................................................94
- What is an organization?..............................................................................94
- All sorts of organizations .............................................................................94
- Community Governance ...................................................................................94
- Community governance is organization.......................................................94
- Business organizations.................................................................................95
- Religious organizations ...............................................................................95
- Self Help Groups (SHGs).............................................................................95
- Health - hospitals and clinics........................................................................95
- Education - schools.......................................................................................95
- Telecenters....................................................................................................96
- Water committees.........................................................................................96
- People to people networks............................................................................96
- Organizations for community security.........................................................96
- Courts and a justice system .........................................................................96
- Issues in the Community...................................................................................96
- Hundreds of issues........................................................................................96
- Do powerful people want community focus?...............................................97
- Establishing priorities ... addressing the key issues......................................97
- What is the best pace?..................................................................................97
- What is the language?...................................................................................97
- What is the culture?......................................................................................97
- What is the religion?.....................................................................................98
- What determines what?................................................................................98
- Community Information....................................................................................98
- Community information ... meta-data..........................................................98
- Metrics of community progress ...................................................................98
- What is a Profit?...............................................................99
- Getting to know about a community .........................................................100
- Village People Know About Their Communities..........100
- Collecting community information ...........................................................100
- Allocating Resources.......................................................................................102
- Important Caveat........................................................................................102
- Focal Point for Development – A Wrong Idea ..............102
- A new coalition...........................................................................................102
- Standard of Living and Quality of Life...........................................................103
- Economic Security..........................................................................................103
- The oil resource..........................................................................................103
- The commercial economy ..........................................................................103
- Employees .................................................................................................104
- Vulnerable groups ......................................................................................104
- From emergency to development ..............................................................104
- Income generation and employment ..........................................................104
- Vulnerable groups.......................................................................................104
Chapter 7 - Resources: Natural Resources...........................................................106
- An Asset of the Community............................................................................107
- Not so quick................................................................................................107
- Not simply money.......................................................................................107
- Making the best use of resources....................................................................108
- Resources....................................................................................................108
- Importance of local resources ...................................................................108
- Resources are being wasted........................................................................109
- What are resources used for?......................................................................109
- Using resources for net value adding..........................................................110
- Financial resources..........................................................................................111
- Know-how.......................................................................................................111
- Natural resources. ...........................................................................................112
- Natural resources – badly utilized and depleting........................................112
- Natural resources not well understood ......................................................112
- Natural resources........................................................................................112
- Energy – petroleum................................................................................113
- Energy – coal.........................................................................................113
- Energy – solar........................................................................................113
- Energy – wind........................................................................................113
- Energy – uranium...................................................................................113
- Energy – hydro.......................................................................................113
- Water......................................................................................................113
- Lumber...................................................................................................113
- Agricultural land....................................................................................113
- Bio-resources – fauna............................................................................113
- Bio-resources – flora..............................................................................113
- Minerals – bauxite.................................................................................113
- Minerals – iron ore.................................................................................113
- Minerals – diamonds..............................................................................114
- Minerals - gemstones.............................................................................114
- Minerals – gold......................................................................................114
- Minerals – copper..................................................................................114
- Minerals – phosphate.............................................................................114
- Energy.........................................................................................................114
- Petroleum...............................................................................................114
- Electricity...............................................................................................114
- Fuelwood...............................................................................................114
Chapter 8 - People................................................................................................115
- Make the very best use of people ...................................................................116
- People - too many not doing much.............................................................117
- Human resources........................................................................................121
- Population demographics...........................................................................122
- Population growth......................................................................................123
- Building human capital...............................................................................124
- Training .................................................................................................124
- Brain drain ............................................................................................124
- People ... reason for everything.......................................................................125
- People centered development.....................................................................128
- Put People at the Center of Everything..................................................128
- People are the key engine for development...........................................128
- People ... human resource......................................................................129
- Rebuilding after World War II...............................................................129
- Time for Change .............................................................................................129
- The many dimensions of people.................................................................129
- More Good People Than Bad People.........................................................130
- The world is full of good people............................................................130
- When good people meet bad systems....................................................130
- Good people ... working hard ....................................................................130
- How Should People Organize?...................................................................131
- People organizations..............................................................................131
- How does this get coordinated? ...........................................................131
- Getting people organized - teamwork....................................................131
- How everyone can help ... a little bit.....................................................131
- Local folk can do a lot...........................................................................132
- What Do People Need?...................................................................................133
- Basic needs.................................................................................................133
- People need opportunities...........................................................................133
- People need health......................................................................................134
- People need education ...............................................................................134
- People need religion...................................................................................134
Chapter 9 - Organizations....................................................................................134
- Organizations are a resource ..........................................................................135
- Why America works?......................................................................................136
- A new framework............................................................................................137
- Getting people organized............................................................................138
- People to people - the SOUTH is ready .....................................................138
- Future role for existing ODA organizations...............................................139
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- Chapter 26 Heading 1
- Family dynamics.........................................................................................139
- African families and communities .............................................................140
- Learning organization.................................................................................140
- The Spirit of Africa ...................................................................................140
- People get organized.......................................................................................141
- Life is local......................................................................................................141
- Affinity Organizations................................................................................142
- Religious communities in Africa................................................................142
- Organization....................................................................................................143
- Organizational infrastructure......................................................................143
- Organizational infrastructure......................................................................144
- Organizational infrastructure......................................................................145
- Organization and Organizations.................................................................146
- Organizing, organization and organizations...............................................146
- A critical determinant of success................................................................147
- Community.................................................................................................147
- Business organizations...............................................................................147
- Governance organizations..........................................................................147
- At the National Level.................................................................................148
- The organizations of government .........................................................148
- Government ministries...........................................................................148
- Area organizations......................................................................................148
- The oil sector..............................................................................................148
- Big contractors............................................................................................149
- Health sector...............................................................................................149
- Education ...................................................................................................149
- At the Supra-National Level.......................................................................149
- The global corporation ..........................................................................149
- The oil industry giants...........................................................................149
- Banks and financial institutions.............................................................150
- Drugs, arms and human trafficking............................................................150
- Production infrastructure.................................................................................150
- Production facilities....................................................................................150
- Source of wealth..............................................................................................151
- Production materials and equipment..........................................................151
- Working capital..........................................................................................151
- Middlemen and traders...............................................................................152
Chapter 10 - Enabling Environment and Governance.........................................154
- A lot goes into this..........................................................................................155
- Governance......................................................................................................155
- Subsidy.......................................................................................................155
- Governance .....................................................................................................156
- System and processes.................................................................................156
- Administrative capacity..............................................................................156
- Technical planning.....................................................................................156
- Planning and budgeting .............................................................................156
- Policy framework ......................................................................................157
- Training staff..............................................................................................157
- Upgrading available equipment .................................................................157
- Governance and administration sector.......................................................157
- Government Accounting ............................................................................158
- A basic system of governance................................................................158
- Government accounting .......................................................................158
- Planning and budget process..................................................................158
- Budget execution...................................................................................158
- Reporting...............................................................................................158
- Audit......................................................................................................158
- Weakness...............................................................................................158
- System and process improvement .........................................................159
- Government Revenue and Public Finance..................................................159
- Sources of government revenue ............................................................159
- Government borrowing .........................................................................159
- Grant finance .........................................................................................159
- Improving government revenue base ....................................................159
- Customs, export taxes and port fees .....................................................159
- Creating a formal public finance capability ..........................................159
- Establishing a development fund ..........................................................159
- Public finance .......................................................................................159
- Pay scales in the civil service ................................................................160
- Policy Framework.......................................................................................160
- Huge need for critical controls...............................................................160
- Natural resource policy framework .......................................................160
- Corporate wealth policy framework .....................................................160
- Military.......................................................................................................161
- National defense and emergency assistance..........................................161
- National politics.....................................................................................161
- US military in Iraq.................................................................................161
- The Iraq military....................................................................................161
- The difference between the military and the police...............................161
- Demobilized soldiers.............................................................................162
- Police..........................................................................................................162
- Police ....................................................................................................162
- Community police..................................................................................163
- National police.......................................................................................163
- Local and national police in combination..............................................163
- Handling sectarian violence...................................................................163
- Gun control ...........................................................................................163
- Preventing police abuse.........................................................................164
- Judicial System...........................................................................................164
- Legal and justice system MUST be functional......................................164
- Customary Law .....................................................................................164
- Prisons........................................................................................................166
- A prison service.....................................................................................166
- Handling violent offenders....................................................................166
- Handling petty crime..............................................................................166
- Prisons ..................................................................................................166
Chapter 11 - Infrastructure...................................................................................167
- Physical Infrastructure.....................................................................................168
- The Centrality of Infrastructure..................................................................168
- Determinant of productivity .................................................................168
- Transport infrastructure – Roads................................................................169
- Main roads.............................................................................................169
- Community roads...................................................................................169
- Road infrastructure condition ...............................................................169
- Railways.....................................................................................................171
- Seaports......................................................................................................171
- Airports.......................................................................................................171
- Energy infrastructure..................................................................................172
- Construction Strategy......................................................................................172
- Housing...........................................................................................................173
- Urban housing ...........................................................................................173
- Capacity to build houses ............................................................................173
- House construction is employment ............................................................173
- Strengthening the capacity to build houses ...............................................173
- Housing sector............................................................................................173
- Construction and maintenance ..................................................................173
- Employment ...............................................................................................174
- Telecom and Internet..................................................................................174
- Telecom.................................................................................................174
- Internet...................................................................................................174
- Water..........................................................................................................174
- Importance of water ..............................................................................174
- Knowledge about water ........................................................................174
- Competing demands for water ..............................................................175
- Sources of water.....................................................................................175
- Quality of water.....................................................................................175
- Community water sources and water storage........................................175
- Urban water systems..............................................................................175
- Plans for water supply improvement ....................................................176
Chapter 12 - Health..............................................................................................177
- Social Services: ................................................................................179
- Healthcare.........................................................................................179
Chapter 13 - Education........................................................................................180
- Social Services: Education..............................................................................181
Chapter 14 - Money and Banking........................................................................182
- Economic Services: Financial Services ..........................................................183
- Financial services.......................................................................................183
- Money: Not enough of it!................................................................................183
- Microfinance...............................................................................................183
- Money ........................................................................................................183
- Capital markets................................................................................................184
- Public Finance in Africa.............................................................................185
- Money is Important.....................................................................................186
- Money ... should not be a gift.....................................................................187
- Requirements for Money.................................................................................187
- Many needs.................................................................................................187
- Financing development initiatives..............................................................187
- Financing infrastructure..............................................................................187
- Control of the Money.................................................................................188
- Secret systems for money control ..............................................................188
- Accounting for fund flows..........................................................................188
- Check the spending ....................................................................................189
- Micro-Credit ... for the Individual...................................................................189
- Financing for the individual.......................................................................189
- Community micro-credit........................................................................190
- Funded from the development fund ...........................................................190
- Mini-Credit ... for the Business.......................................................................190
- Financing the small and medium scale enterprise .....................................190
- Muni-Credit ... for the Community.................................................................191
- The municipal finance equivalent...............................................................191
- Organization ... at the Community Level........................................................192
- Funding community activities....................................................................192
- Many short term small loans .....................................................................192
- Fully commercial basis ..............................................................................192
- Central Bank and Government Treasury.........................................................193
- The purpose of a Central Bank ..................................................................193
- The purpose of the Government Treasury..................................................193
- Informing the Public .................................................................................194
- Investment Fund for Future Generations.........................................................194
- A mechanism to invest for the future.........................................................194
- Third World Debt............................................................................................194
- The Jubilee Movement...............................................................................194
- The debt crisis.............................................................................................194
- Foreign Direct Investment – Is it really a good thing. ...............................195
- Stakeholders...............................................................................................196
- Avoiding scams..........................................................................................198
- Historical Note............................................................................................201
- Public finance as constraint on development..................................................201
- The situation around independence ...........................................................201
- Aggravated in the 1970s.............................................................................202
- Made worse in the 1980s............................................................................202
- Even worse in the 1990s.............................................................................202
- Public finance for development..................................................................203
- International competition............................................................................204
- Export driven development........................................................................204
- An alternative to export driven development.............................................204
- Politics not markets determine priorities....................................................204
- Currency issues...........................................................................................204
- Multilateral financial institutions...............................................................205
Chapter 15 - Community Productivity.................................................................205
Activities ... process........................................................................................206
Systems approach............................................................................................206
About Implementation.....................................................................................207
Not the usual model....................................................................................207
Problems with process................................................................................207
Enabling Environment ...............................................................................208
Iraq has potential to be a good business environment...........................208
Improve infrastructure and services............................................................208
Institutional constraints..............................................................................208
Economic Linkages and Surplus Production..............................................209
Surplus production (from 1987).................................................................210
Process.............................................................................................................212
Structure..........................................................................................................212
Structure can be anything...........................................................................212
Informal initiative and formal entities........................................................212
Projects.......................................................................................................213
Oversight ... accountability to the public ...................................................213
Reaching the community............................................................................213
Getting the Facts..............................................................................................213
Getting the facts ... getting reliable facts....................................................213
Some facts ... not all the facts.....................................................................214
More information about more things..........................................................214
Planning a Strategy..........................................................................................214
Planning with a lighter touch .....................................................................214
More than anything else ... the American way...........................................214
Planning ... how this is to be done..............................................................215
Planning Activities..........................................................................................215
Distributed planning...................................................................................215
Mobilizing Resources......................................................................................216
Getting funds for priority activities............................................................216
The unusual situation in Iraq......................................................................217
Structure for Managing...................................................................................217
Management structure................................................................................217
Caveat.........................................................................................................218
Local experts and consultants ....................................................................218
Information should be easy and drive decisions.........................................218
Nothing here is new ...................................................................................218
Mobilizing Data ... Getting Started.................................................................218
Getting data should be easy........................................................................218
Data for management information..............................................................218
Organizing the data.........................................................................................219
Validating the data......................................................................................219
Unwillingness to share data........................................................................219
Planning ... As a Management Function.....................................................220
Not Gosplan ... something different.......................................................220
Planning with a community focus .........................................................220
Components of planning........................................................................220
Coordination, optimization, assistance .................................................221
Accounts ... Accounting..................................................................................221
Good accounts ... strong accounting...........................................................221
Accounting for implementation activities..................................................221
Control of money........................................................................................221
Control of inventory...................................................................................222
Control of all the other assets ... and liabilities..........................................222
Internal control ... internal check................................................................223
Budget ... Budgeting........................................................................................223
Good management tool...............................................................................223
Authority to spend......................................................................................223
Budget more of a benchmark......................................................................223
Measurement of Performance.........................................................................224
Basics .........................................................................................................224
Early rapid measurement of progress ........................................................224
Benchmarks................................................................................................224
Monitoring and Evaluation..............................................................................224
Beyond traditional monitoring and evaluation ..........................................224
Oversight.........................................................................................................225
A critical way of maintaining performance................................................225
Transparency...................................................................................................226
The prevalence of secrecy ..........................................................................226
Transparency ... accounting to society .......................................................226
The privacy of accounting..........................................................................226
Accountability.................................................................................................226
Accountability to whom?...........................................................................226
Internal accountability................................................................................227
External accountability...............................................................................227
Human Resources............................................................................................227
People are central to everything.................................................................227
Audit................................................................................................................228
Overview....................................................................................................228
Internal audit ..............................................................................................228
Independent certification............................................................................228
Process.............................................................................................................229
Plan.............................................................................................................229
Organize.....................................................................................................230
Implement...................................................................................................230
Measure......................................................................................................231
Feedback.....................................................................................................231
Economic value adding ..................................................................................232
Chapter 16 - The Information Dimension............................................................236
- Information......................................................................................................237
- Accountability.................................................................................................238
- Independent, neutral data................................................................................239
- An independent entity should run the information system.........................239
- Management information...........................................................................240
- What is management information?.............................................................240
- The value of management information.......................................................240
- Good for planning ......................................................................................240
- Good for monitoring performance..............................................................241
- Good for identifying improvement opportunity.........................................241
- Good for oversight......................................................................................241
- Good for coordination ...............................................................................241
- Good for monitoring and evaluation..........................................................241
- Accounting Information..................................................................................242
- Accounting provides a lot of information...................................................242
- More analytical information can easily be obtained...................................242
- But what about value?................................................................................242
- Performance Information................................................................................242
- Some of the best metrics are the simplest..................................................242
- Cost, price and value..................................................................................243
- Performance comparisons...........................................................................243
- Accounting provides a lot of performance information.............................244
- Other source of data and analysis...............................................................244
- Bottom of the pyramid................................................................................244
- Socio-Economic Statistics...............................................................................244
- Accounting rarely uses statistics.................................................................244
- Massive amount of socio-economic data....................................................245
- Massive amount of writing ... rather less numbering.................................245
- Collection of Information................................................................................245
- Getting facts ought to be easy.....................................................................245
- Nothing here is new ...................................................................................245
- Maybe a lot of information has been collected ..........................................245
- High cost to collect, low value unless used................................................246
- Think value management............................................................................246
- Small samples and statistics is not accounting...........................................246
- Data Design – MetaData.................................................................................246
- Organize the data .......................................................................................246
- Incredibly badly organized ........................................................................247
- Need for database design improvement......................................................247
- Use database technology ............................................................................247
- Data Quality and Reliability............................................................................247
- Problem of misinformation ........................................................................247
- Use peer review to reduce bad information ...............................................248
- Use the data ... they get better.....................................................................248
- Easy Access to Important Information............................................................248
- Secrecy ... hiding corruption and inefficiency............................................248
- Reports ... report design..............................................................................248
- Repositories to facilitate easy access .........................................................248
- MetaData ... and organizing data................................................................249
- Academic Community.....................................................................................249
- The academic community and information................................................249
- The academic community has a key role to play........................................249
- Communications ............................................................................................249
- Information for fund raising ...........................................................................250
- Implementing - Management Information .....................................................250
- Open access to information........................................................................250
- Performance measurement ... value adding.....................................................250
- Accounting and accountability........................................................................251
- Community information..................................................................................251
- Accessible information...............................................................................252
- Information ... Intelligence.........................................................................252
- Missing Management Information..................................................................253
- Missing in Action.......................................................................................253
- VERY IMPORT … TO BE DONE.......................................................253
- Lots of Data ... Not Much Information............................................................253
- Economic data, not financial......................................................................253
- Why is so much data compiled?......................................................................254
- And yet a paucity of useful information ....................................................254
- Accounting.................................................................................................255
- UNDP information going backwards..............................................................256
- OECD DAC Reporting...............................................................................257
- Reporting in the ODA world........................................................257
- Who wants good accounting?.........................................................................258
- Who understands accounting?.........................................................................258
- Knowledge......................................................................................................259
- Technical knowhow and local knowledge .................................................260
- Knowledge..................................................................................................260
- Constraining the communication of knowledge ........................................260
- The Free Public Library .............................................................................260
- Indigenous knowledge ...............................................................................261
- Intellectual property....................................................................................261
- Language.....................................................................................................261
- Knowledge is foundation for maximizing potential ..................................262
- Accounting and accountability...................................................................262
- Good people are writing..................................................................................268
- Facts and fiction.........................................................................................268
- The HIV-AIDS health pandemic................................................................269
- What on earth to do with the AIDS crisis...................................................272
- Advocacy...............................................................................................272
Chapter 17 - Sector Perspective...........................................................................279
The Sector Perspective....................................................................................280
Sector expertise ... specialization...............................................................280
Hundreds of sectors and sub-sectors..........................................................280
Overview listing of main sectors................................................................281
Multi-sector mix..............................................................................................284
Linkages between sectors .........................................................................284
Multi-Sector Linkage.....................................................284
Table: Inter-Sector Linkages.............................................................285
I ... Government and social sectors................................285
GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL SECTORS................285
II ... Infrastructure...........................................................286
INFRASTRUCTURE.....................................................286
III ... Income generation and employment......................286
INCOME GENERATION AND EMPLOYMENT.......286
Different Sector Views....................................................................................288
Public and Private Sectors..........................................................................288
Private sector..........................................................................................288
Public sector...........................................................................................288
Enterprise Sector ... Employment....................................................................288
Enterprise sector ........................................................................................288
Employment ...............................................................................................288
Formal and Informal Sectors...........................................................................289
Formal Sectors............................................................................................289
Informal Sector ..........................................................................................289
Productive and Social Sectors.........................................................................289
Productive sectors.......................................................................................289
Social sectors..............................................................................................290
Relief and Development Sector.......................................................................290
Humanitarian relief TO DO........................................................................290
Official Development Assistance (ODA) ..................................................290
Luxury Sector..................................................................................................291
A very profitable sector..............................................................................291
Agriculture, fisheries and food........................................................................291
Infrastructure...................................................................................................291
Industrial sectors.............................................................................................292
Energy - Oil and Gas.......................................................................................292
Minerals and Mining.......................................................................................292
Summary overview ....................................................................................292
Policy about mineral resource exploitation................................................293
Training in mining skills ...........................................................................293
Manufacturing.................................................................................................293
The state of manufacturing.........................................................................293
My Experience in Madagascar.......................................293
Banking and Financial Services......................................................................294
An important sector for success .................................................................294
Community needs.......................................................................................294
Commercial banking for enterprise ...........................................................294
Informal systems for financial services......................................................294
Public finance.............................................................................................295
Communications.............................................................................................295
Telephone ..................................................................................................295
Internet ......................................................................................................295
Private sector ............................................................................................295
Logistical Services..........................................................................................295
Transport.....................................................................................................295
Truck fleets ................................................................................................295
Air transport ...............................................................................................296
Airport fuel and service..............................................................................296
Port operations ...........................................................................................296
Pipelines.....................................................................................................296
Warehouses ................................................................................................296
Maintenance....................................................................................................296
Repair shops, welding and machine shops.................................................296
Access to training ......................................................................................296
Media...............................................................................................................297
Radio and Television..................................................................................297
Print media .................................................................................................297
New media ... Internet................................................................................297
Professional Sector..........................................................................................297
Professional sector situation.......................................................................297
Tourism...........................................................................................................298
High economic value..................................................................................298
Hotels, restaurants and entertainment.........................................................299
Trade................................................................................................................299
International trade ......................................................................................299
Wholesale trade..........................................................................................299
Retail sector................................................................................................300
Informal trade ............................................................................................300
An important sector for income generation ...............................................301
Regulations ... some are needed, most are not............................................301
Education.........................................................................................................301
Education sector.........................................................................................301
Educational policy......................................................................................301
Under-served areas.....................................................................................302
Curriculum and text books ........................................................................302
Teachers .....................................................................................................302
Planning and management .........................................................................302
Women and girls ........................................................................................302
Skills training .............................................................................................302
Employment of jobs....................................................................................303
Health .............................................................................................................303
Health situation ..........................................................................................303
Rehabilitation of health sector ...................................................................303
Education and training................................................................................303
Mother and child health programs .............................................................304
Mental health..............................................................................................304
The Sectors … A Sector View........................................................................305
Multi-sector linkage....................................................................................305
More on Sectors..............................................................................................306
More ... but Still Not Much........................................................................306
Introduction ...............................................................................................306
Academic sector.........................................................................................306
Agriculture sector.......................................................................................306
Banking and finance sector.........................................................................306
Construction...............................................................................................307
Education sector.........................................................................................308
Employment or jobs....................................................................................308
Energy sector..............................................................................................309
Enterprise sector ........................................................................................310
Fisheries sector...........................................................................................310
Governance and administration sector.......................................................310
Health sector...............................................................................................312
Housing sector............................................................................................312
Infrastructure sector....................................................................................313
International trade sector............................................................................314
Legal and justice.........................................................................................315
Luxury sector..............................................................................................316
Manufacturing............................................................................................317
Military and security sector........................................................................318
Mining sector..............................................................................................319
Natural resources........................................................................................319
Productive sectors.......................................................................................320
Professional sector......................................................................................320
Public sector, private sector........................................................................321
Relief and development sector ..................................................................321
Retail sector................................................................................................321
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New Wave for Development
Social sectors..............................................................................................322
Tourism sector............................................................................................322
Transport.....................................................................................................323
Wholesale sector.........................................................................................324
Dozens of Sectors............................................................................................325
Types of Sectors.........................................................................................325
Various Types of Sector.............................................................................325
Hundreds of Sectors and Sub-Sectors........................................................325
Characteristics of sector..............................................................................326
Sector expertise..........................................................................................326
Public and Private Sectors...............................................................................326
Private sector..............................................................................................326
Public sector...............................................................................................327
Enterprise Sector ... Employment....................................................................327
Enterprise sector ........................................................................................327
Employment ...............................................................................................327
Formal and Informal Sectors...........................................................................328
Formal Sectors............................................................................................328
Informal Sector ..........................................................................................328
Productive and Social Sectors.........................................................................328
Productive sectors.......................................................................................328
Social sectors..............................................................................................328
Relief and Development Sector.......................................................................329
There should be clarity … but there is not.................................................329
Humanitarian relief ....................................................................................329
Development sector ...................................................................................329
Luxury Sector..................................................................................................330
A very profitable sector..............................................................................330
Chapter 18 - Sectors: Governance - Government................................................330
Policy Administration.....................................................................................331
System and processes.................................................................................331
Administrative capacity..............................................................................331
Technical planning.....................................................................................331
Planning and budgeting .............................................................................332
Policy framework ......................................................................................332
Training staff..............................................................................................332
Upgrading available equipment .................................................................332
Governance and administration sector.......................................................332
Government Accounting.................................................................................333
A basic system of governance....................................................................333
Government accounting ............................................................................333
Planning and budget process......................................................................333
Budget execution........................................................................................333
Reporting....................................................................................................333
Audit...........................................................................................................333
Weakness....................................................................................................334
System and process improvement .............................................................334
Public Finance.................................................................................................334
Government Revenues ...............................................................................334
Sources of government revenue ............................................................334
Improving government revenue base ....................................................334
Customs, export taxes and port fees .....................................................334
Public Debt......................................................................................................335
Government borrowing ..............................................................................335
Grant finance .............................................................................................335
Creating a formal public finance capability ...............................................335
Establishing a development fund ...............................................................335
Public finance ............................................................................................335
Pay scales in the civil service ....................................................................335
Policy Framework...........................................................................................335
Huge need for critical controls...................................................................335
Natural resource policy framework ...........................................................336
Corporate wealth policy framework ..........................................................336
Military............................................................................................................336
National defense.........................................................................................336
Emergency assistance.................................................................................337
Involvement with politics...........................................................................337
International military assistance.................................................................337
Military and internal security......................................................................337
Good Reasons for the US Model...................................337
Worry About the Power of a Big Army.........................337
Demobilized soldiers..................................................................................338
Police...............................................................................................................338
The nature of police work...........................................................................338
Community police......................................................................................339
National police............................................................................................339
Local and national police in combination...................................................339
Handling sectarian violence........................................................................339
Gun control ................................................................................................339
Preventing police abuse..............................................................................339
Judicial System................................................................................................339
Legal and justice system MUST be functional...........................................339
Customary Law ..........................................................................................340
Prisons.............................................................................................................341
A prison service..........................................................................................341
Handling violent offenders.........................................................................341
Handling petty crime..................................................................................342
Prisons ......................................................................................................342
Disarmament, Demining and UXOs...............................................................342
Extent of the problem.................................................................................342
Funding de-mining ...................................................................................343
Important in terms of safety and employment ...........................................343
Important in terms of safety and employment ...........................................343
Economic Security..........................................................................................343
The oil resource..........................................................................................343
The commercial economy ..........................................................................343
Employees .................................................................................................343
Vulnerable groups ......................................................................................343
From emergency to development ..............................................................344
Income generation and employment ..........................................................344
Vulnerable groups.......................................................................................344
Enabling Environment ....................................................................................344
Iraq has potential to be a good business environment................................344
Improve infrastructure and services............................................................345
Chapter 19 - Sectors: Infrastructure.....................................................................346
Infrastructure...................................................................................................347
The Centrality of Infrastructure..................................................................347
Construction Strategy.................................................................................347
Housing...........................................................................................................349
Urban housing ...........................................................................................349
Capacity to build houses ............................................................................349
House construction is employment ............................................................349
Strengthening the capacity to build houses ...............................................349
Housing sector............................................................................................349
Seaports and Airports......................................................................................350
Seaports......................................................................................................350
Airports.......................................................................................................350
Roads...............................................................................................................351
Main roads … arterial roads.......................................................................351
Community roads.......................................................................................351
Construction and maintenance ..................................................................351
Employment ...............................................................................................351
Telecom and Internet.......................................................................................351
Telecom......................................................................................................351
Internet........................................................................................................351
Water...............................................................................................................352
Importance of water ...................................................................................352
Knowledge about water .............................................................................352
Competing demands for water ...................................................................352
Sources of water.........................................................................................352
Quality of water..........................................................................................352
Community water sources and water storage.............................................352
Urban water systems...................................................................................353
Plans for water supply improvement .........................................................353
Crop Agriculture.............................................................................................354
Important sector..........................................................................................354
Irrigation.....................................................................................................354
Rainfed agriculture ....................................................................................354
A variety of crops.......................................................................................355
Water .........................................................................................................355
Tractors ......................................................................................................355
Training and extension ..............................................................................355
Livestock and Range Management.................................................................356
Important part of agriculture.......................................................................356
Rangeland management .............................................................................356
Livestock markets ......................................................................................356
Livestock health and veterinary medicine..................................................356
Animal quality improvement......................................................................356
Fodder and feedlots ...................................................................................357
Marketing centers.......................................................................................357
Fisheries .........................................................................................................357
Fisheries not particularly important ...........................................................357
Fish resources ............................................................................................357
Resource management ...............................................................................357
Fish marketing and cold storage.................................................................357
Food.................................................................................................................358
Food............................................................................................................358
Food in Iraq................................................................................................358
An area focus for food security .................................................................358
An area focus for livestock security ..........................................................358
Infrastructure..............................................................................................359
Chapter 21 - Sectors: Industrial Production.........................................................359
Energy: Oil and Gas........................................................................................360
Great possibilities ... huge challenges.........................................................360
Energy: Electricity.............................................................................361
Electricity generation..................................................................................361
Electric grid ...............................................................................................361
Rural distribution........................................................................................361
Energy: Non-Petroleum Fuels.........................................................................361
Overview....................................................................................................361
Coal ... natural gas .....................................................................................362
Windmills .................................................................................................362
Solar ...........................................................................................................362
Minerals and Mining.......................................................................................362
Summary overview ....................................................................................362
Policy about mineral resource exploitation................................................363
Training in mining skills ...........................................................................363
Manufacturing.................................................................................................363
The state of manufacturing.........................................................................363
Jobs ... employment....................................................................................363
What might be possible?............................................................................364
Construction....................................................................................................364
Overview....................................................................................................364
Rebuilding ... housing.................................................................................364
Road construction ......................................................................................364
Employment ...............................................................................................365
Training .....................................................................................................365
Chapter 22 - Sectors: Trade and Logistics...........................................................365
Logistical Services..........................................................................................366
Transport.....................................................................................................366
Truck fleets ................................................................................................366
Air transport ...............................................................................................366
Airport fuel and service..............................................................................366
Port operations ...........................................................................................367
Pipelines.....................................................................................................367
Warehouses ................................................................................................367
Maintenance....................................................................................................367
Repair shops, welding and machine shops.................................................367
Access to training ......................................................................................367
Trade................................................................................................................367
International trade ......................................................................................367
Wholesale trade..........................................................................................368
Retail sector.....................................................................................................369
Informal trade ............................................................................................369
An important sector for income generation ...............................................370
Regulations ... some are needed, most are not............................................370
Chapter 23 - Sectors: Service Sectors..................................................................371
Banking and Financial Services......................................................................372
An important sector for success .................................................................372
Community needs.......................................................................................372
Commercial banking for enterprise ...........................................................372
Informal systems for financial services......................................................373
Public finance.............................................................................................373
Communications.............................................................................................373
Telephone ..................................................................................................373
Internet ......................................................................................................373
Private sector ............................................................................................373
Media...............................................................................................................373
Radio and Television..................................................................................373
Print media .................................................................................................373
New media ... Internet................................................................................374
Professional Sector..........................................................................................374
Professional sector situation.......................................................................374
Tourism...........................................................................................................375
High economic value..................................................................................375
Hotels, restaurants and entertainment.........................................................375
Education.........................................................................................................375
Education sector.........................................................................................375
Educational policy......................................................................................376
Under-served areas.....................................................................................376
Curriculum and text books ........................................................................376
Teachers ....................................................................................................376
Planning and management .........................................................................377
Women and girls ........................................................................................377
Skills training .............................................................................................377
Employment or jobs....................................................................................377
Health .............................................................................................................378
Health situation ..........................................................................................378
Rehabilitation of health sector....................................................................378
Education and training ...............................................................................378
Mother and child health programs .............................................................378
Mental health..............................................................................................379
Chapter 24 - Afterword........................................................................................380
Chapter 18 Tr-Ac-Net's Community Analytics (CA)....382
Chapter 2...................................................................382
Chapter 3...................................................................382
Chapter 4...................................................................382
Chapter 5...................................................................382
Systems approach .....................................................383
Chapter 6...................................................................383
Two key resources.....................................................383
Solutions – making the best use of resources............384
Problems with the process ........................................384
Institutional constraints.............................................385
Chapter 7...................................................................385
Make the very best use of people .............................385
Chapter 8...................................................................386
Financial services .....................................................386
Production infrastructure ..........................................386
Health and human services........................................386
Chapter 9...................................................................386
Governance................................................................386
Infrastructure.............................................................386
Social sector: health...................................................386
Social sector: education.............................................386
Economic sector: banking and insurance..................386
Chapter 10.................................................................387
Information – lots of it, but not much use.................387
Information – useful, independent, reliable, universal
...................................................................................387
The information dimension.......................................387
Knowledge.................................................................388
Science and technology.............................................388
Chapter 11.................................................................388
Chapter 12.................................................................388
Chapter 13.................................................................388
Chapter 14.................................................................388
Chapter 15.................................................................388
Chapter 16.................................................................388
Chapter 17.................................................................388
Chapter 18.................................................................388
Chapter 19.................................................................388
Chapter 25 - CONTENTS....................................................................................390
Chapter 26 Heading 1..........................................................................................390
- Chapter 1. Why this book .......................................................391
- Chapter 2. Development has failed.......................................................391
- Chapter 3. Why the failure?..................................................................391
- Chapter 4. There are ways forward!......................................................391
- Chapter 5. Community Focus Development.........................................391
- Chapter 7. Resources: Human Resources ... People.............................391
- Chapter 8. Organizations .....................................................................391
- Chapter 9. Enabling Environment........................................................391
- Chapter 10. Community Productivity....................................................391
- Chapter 11. The Information Dimension ..............................................391
- Chapter 12. Sector Perspective .............................................................391
- Chapter 13. Sectors: Governance ... Government..................................391
- Chapter 14. Sectors: Infrastructure .......................................................391
- Chapter 15. Sectors: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food...........................391
- Chapter 16. Sectors: Industrial Sector...................................................391
- Chapter 17. Sectors: Trade and Logistics..............................................391
- Chapter 18. Sectors: Service Sectors....................................................391
- Chapter 19. A lot more issues ... afterword..........................................391
CONTENTS - DETAIL..............................................................................393
- Chapter 1 Why This Book? .........................................393
- Chapter 2 Development Has Failed .............................393
- Chapter 3 Why the Failure?..........................................393
- Chapter 4 There Are Ways Forward.............................393
- Chapter 5 Community Focus Development..................393
- Chapter 6 Resources: Natural Resources .....................393
- Chapter 7 Resources: Human Resources ... People ......393
- Chapter 8 Organizations ...............................................394
- Chapter 9 Enabling Environment..................................394
- Chapter 10 Community Productivity............................394
- Chapter 11 The Information Dimension.......................394
- Chapter 12 Sector perspective.......................................394
- Chapter 13 Sectors: Governance ... government ..........394
- Chapter 14 Sectors: Infrastructure ................................394
- Chapter 15 Sectors: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food....395
- Chapter 16 Sectors: Industrial Sector............................395
- Chapter 17 Sectors: Trade and Logistics.......................395
- Chapter 18 Sectors: Service Sectors..............................395
- Chapter 19 A lot more issues ... afterword....................395
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