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Environment ... Rate of environmental degradation puts life on Earth at risk, say scientists ... Humans are ‘eating away at our own life support systems’ at a rate unseen in the past 10,000 years, two new research papers say

Burgess COMMENTARY

Peter Burgess

Environment ... Rate of environmental degradation puts life on Earth at risk, say scientists

Humans are ‘eating away at our own life support systems’ at a rate unseen in the past 10,000 years, two new research papers say

The view from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in the middle of the Amazon forest. Researchers say that of the nine processes needed to sustain life on Earth, four have exceeded “safe” levels. Photograph: Reuters

Humans are “eating away at our own life support systems” at a rate unseen in the past 10,000 years by degrading land and freshwater systems, emitting greenhouse gases and releasing vast amounts of agricultural chemicals into the environment, new research has found.

Two major new studies by an international team of researchers have pinpointed the key factors that ensure a livable planet for humans, with stark results.

Of nine worldwide processes that underpin life on Earth, four have exceeded “safe” levels – human-driven climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land system change and the high level of phosphorus and nitrogen flowing into the oceans due to fertiliser use.

Researchers spent five years identifying these core components of a planet suitable for human life, using the long-term average state of each measure to provide a baseline for the analysis.

They found that the changes of the last 60 years are unprecedented in the previous 10,000 years, a period in which the world has had a relatively stable climate and human civilisation has advanced significantly.

Carbon dioxide levels, at 395.5 parts per million, are at historic highs, while loss of biosphere integrity is resulting in species becoming extinct at a rate more than 100 times faster than the previous norm.

Since 1950 urban populations have increased seven-fold, primary energy use has soared by a factor of five, while the amount of fertiliser used is now eight times higher. The amount of nitrogen entering the oceans has quadrupled.

All of these changes are shifting Earth into a “new state” that is becoming less hospitable to human life, researchers said.

“These indicators have shot up since 1950 and there are no signs they are slowing down,” said Prof Will Steffen of the Australian National University and the Stockholm Resilience Centre. Steffen is the lead author on both of the studies.

“When economic systems went into overdrive, there was a massive increase in resource use and pollution. It used to be confined to local and regional areas but we’re now seeing this occurring on a global scale. These changes are down to human activity, not natural variability.”

View of aluminium-polluted water, which flows into the Yuanjiang River, in Taoyuan county, Changde city, central China’s Hunan province, 19 November 2014. Photograph: Imaginechina/Corbis

Steffen said direct human influence upon the land was contributing to a loss in pollination and a disruption in the provision of nutrients and fresh water.

“We are clearing land, we are degrading land, we introduce feral animals and take the top predators out, we change the marine ecosystem by overfishing – it’s a death by a thousand cuts,” he said. “That direct impact upon the land is the most important factor right now, even more than climate change.”

There are large variations in conditions around the world, according to the research. For example, land clearing is now concentrated in tropical areas, such as Indonesia and the Amazon, with the practice reversed in parts of Europe. But the overall picture is one of deterioration at a rapid rate.

“It’s fairly safe to say that we haven’t seen conditions in the past similar to ones we see today and there is strong evidence that there [are] tipping points we don’t want to cross,” Steffen said.

“If the Earth is going to move to a warmer state, 5-6C warmer, with no ice caps, it will do so and that won’t be good for large mammals like us. People say the world is robust and that’s true, there will be life on Earth, but the Earth won’t be robust for us.

“Some people say we can adapt due to technology, but that’s a belief system, it’s not based on fact. There is no convincing evidence that a large mammal, with a core body temperature of 37C, will be able to evolve that quickly. Insects can, but humans can’t and that’s a problem.”

Steffen said the research showed the economic system was “fundamentally flawed” as it ignored critically important life support systems.

“It’s clear the economic system is driving us towards an unsustainable future and people of my daughter’s generation will find it increasingly hard to survive,” he said. “History has shown that civilisations have risen, stuck to their core values and then collapsed because they didn’t change. That’s where we are today.”

The two studies, published in Science and Anthropocene Review, featured the work of scientists from countries including the US, Sweden, Germany and India. The findings will be presented in seven seminars at the World Economic Forum in Davos, which takes place between 21 and 25 January.

Trash accumulates on Nash Run, a creek that empties into the Anacostia River, in Washington DC, US, 4 December 2014. Environmental groups routinely list the Anacostia as one of the most polluted waterways in America. Facebook Twitter Pinterest expand

Trash accumulates on Nash Run, a creek that empties into the Anacostia River, in Washington DC, US, 4 December 2014. Environmental groups routinely list the Anacostia as one of the most polluted waterways in America. Photograph: Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA

LinkedIn Discussion

Rate of environmental degradation puts life at risk- fuel for all leveraging change

Mark Varney Director of Food at FareShare

Two new research reports have been released which update the Planetary Boundaries Framework. These recent reports conclude that four planetary boundaries have exceeded “safe” levels – human-driven climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land system change and the high level of phosphorus and nitrogen flowing into the oceans due to fertiliser use. Not good.

The framework was first introduced by The Stockholm Institute in 2009, when a group of 28 internationally renowned scientists identified and quantified the first set of nine planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come. Crossing these boundaries could generate abrupt or irreversible environmental changes. Respecting the boundaries reduces the risks to human society of crossing these thresholds.

For everyone working to reduce the overall environmental impact their organisations have, these reports could be motivation for you and a useful reference point to share with colleagues to generate some urgency to that work.

If you want a more detailed and accessible overview of the boundaries and their implications I can wholeheartedly recommend ‘The God Species’ by Mark Linas

Rate of environmental degradation puts life on Earth at risk, say scientists gu.com

Humans are ‘eating away at our own life support systems’ at a rate unseen in the past 10,000 years, two new research papers say

Peter Burgess Peter Burgess Founder/CEO at TrueValueMetrics developing Multi Dimension Impact Accounting

Mark ... Thank you for sharing these reports, and helping to open the door to a whole range of other scientific material that we don't look at often enough, and generally speaking not looked at enough by journalists and the media in general, not to mention politicians and policy makers.

I did engineering at Cambridge, and have been interested in measurement all my life. One of the keys to making measurement useful is to have appropriate feedback into decision making. Conventional accounting and cost accounting provides this feedback to help the organization optimize for profit ... but there is nothing of equal power that helps the organization optimize for anything else.

I would like to see conventional accounting incorporate impact accounting so that it becomes possible to have easier conversations about all the externalities that are immensely important but not routinely quantified in the way profit performance issues are quantified. This recent essay explains: http://www.truevaluemetrics.org/DBpdfs/MDIA/TVM-Short-Introduction-to-7D-Capitalism-and-MDIA-141212a.pdf