Value chain can be used to move profits from one legal entity to another ... this may have tax or other financial advantages.

Tea auction – Malawi (as of 1989)

If you are a tea grower in Malawi, your product is sold for export through the Tea Auction. The idea is that this auction price is a market determined price that will maximize the amount paid to the tea industry in Malawi. Up to a point, this is right ... but there is a substantial part of the Malawi production that originates from estates owned by international tea companies. These companies have to sell at the auction ... but they also want to have tea for their international business. As tea distributors they want low prices ... and if low prices mean that the estates get less profit it does not matter much ... in fact it helps because they get less problem with local taxes and with the repatriation of profits.

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Value chain can be used to make profit performance look good but not mean much

$200 Sneakers (as of 2002)

It costs about $2 to make a pair of sneakers in China and a number of other low wage countries. Manufacturers make a good profit by selling a lot of them at (say) $4. But the profit made by manufacturing is tiny compared to the profit made by the marketing organization and the wholesale and retail system in North America or Europe. Retailers have a very comfortable markup ... and so do the wholesalers and the marketers. They have expenses to keep their “brand” popular ... like sponsoring high profile stars ... but everything in this part of the value chain is about perception and not about the essential substance.

The added value substance happens at the manufacturing stage ... only value perception gets added subsequently. Over time perception loses its value and at the limit there is not much left.

Substantial wealth versus perceived wealth

It used to be said that the UK was a nation of shopkeepers ... a sort of back handed compliment meaning that everything could be found somewhere in the shops in Britain. But in fact, it was manufacturing and trade that made the nation's wealth ... and a very aggressive spirit of enterprise and willingness to make investments.

Much of Britain's wealth was generated from end to end value chains that added up to deliver profit ... and a growing pool of capital to invest. The value chains were global, even though, compared to today, the technologies of transport and communications were primitive.

The industrial revolution also created wealth in United States ... in some ways bigger than in Europe ... but the country was still relatively small. Certainly bigger than say, the UK, but not bigger than the British Empire. The pound sterling was a much bigger international influence than the US dollar.

Modern macro-economic measures do not differentiate adequately between the GDP at the manufacturing level and GDP at the pre- and post manufacturing stages. With the prevailing system of metrics the sneaker contributes more to the global economy while it is sitting on a ship, or on trucks or in warehouses and retail stock-rooms than during the manufacturing process. This is patently absurd.

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Value Chain – Oil and Gas

Land Mineral rights Establishing a legal framework Geological data Exploration concession auction Exploration Production concession auction Test drilling Production drilling Pipelines Storage Royalties Flares Air pollution (flares, gases) Water and ground pollution (oil) Oil field supplies Drill casing Drill mud Drill pipe Drill bits Pumps Derricks People People services – hotels / entertainment People services – food / water / clothing Oil storage Oil export terminals Crude oil transport – tankers Crude oil transport - pipelines Oil import terminals Oil storage Pollution Refining Refined product storage Refined product transport – pipeline Refined product transport – tanker truck Refined product transport – tanker ship

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Value Chain – Oil and Gas Item Community National Interests Local Investors External investors Land Traditionally an assets of the community and the people ... now the basis of a culture of property rights based on new laws Mineral rights Under modern law are deemed to belong to the nation Establishing a legal framework Geological data This is the key to getting results from investment in exploration and drilling. Exploration concession auction This is the key to getting wealth flows accruing to national interests . How is this received? How is this accounted for? A necessary investment. How is this paid? Exploration A necessary investment Production concession auction This is a second key to getting wealth flows accruing to national interests . How is this received? How is this accounted for? A necessary investment. How is this paid? Test drilling A necessary investment Production drilling A necessary investment Pipelines A necessary investment Storage tanks A necessary investment

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Item Community National Interests Local Investors External investors Royalties How is this received and accounted for? How is this calculated? How is this paid? Flares – air pollution Pollutes the local area Cheapest way of handling gas that cannot be processed Water and ground pollution (oil) Pollutes the land, pollutes the water. Kills the fish. Destroys livelihood. Oil field supplies Drill casing Drill mud Drill pipe Drill bits Pumps Derricks Opportunity for others to be suppliers Need to be purchased and used all the time People Few local people have training and experience needed for the available work Some employment generated in the services and support businesses Most critical staff are international and very well paid People services – hotels / entertainment Opportunities for local business to provide services People services – food / water / clothing Opportunities for local business to provide services Oil storage A necessary investment Oil export terminals A necessary investment Export taxes, fees How is this received? How is this paid? Crude oil transport – tankers A necessary investment Crude oil transport - pipelines A necessary investment Oil import terminals A necessary investment Oil storage A necessary investment Pollution Local pollution a matter of course ... nobody cares Expensive ... very low public tolerance of pollution in any form

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Item Community National Interests Local Investors External investors Refining A necessary investment Refined product storage A necessary investment Refined product transport – pipeline A necessary investment Refined product transport – tanker truck A necessary investment Refined product transport – tanker ship A necessary investment Distribution depots A necessary investment Gas stations A necessary investment TAN_CAS_003_04_ValueChain_080731.odt 11 Printed on Aug 6, 2008 at 11:06 PMProfiting from the Value Chain – Oil and Gas Item Community National Interests Local Investors External investors Case A Case B Case A Case B Case A Case B Case A Case B Land Mineral rights Establishing a legal framework Geological data Exploration concession auction Exploration Production concession auction Test drilling Production drilling Pipelines Storage Royalties 100 Flares Air pollution (flares, gases) -10 0 0 +10 Water and ground pollution (oil) -10 +10 Oil field supplies Drill casing Drill mud Drill pipe Drill bits Pumps Derricks People People services – hotels / entertainment People services – food / water / clothing Oil storage Oil export terminals

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Item Community National Interests Local Investors External investors Case A Case B Case A Case B Case A Case B Case A Case B Crude oil transport – tankers Crude oil transport - pipelines Oil import terminals Oil storage Pollution Refining Refined product storage Refined product transport – pipeline Refined product transport – tanker truck Refined product transport – tanker ship

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Monopoly control

Everyone has heard of the story of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. It is amazing how much money can be made when an organization gets monopoly control of the value chain. And amazing also, that so little has been learned from that experience.

One of the lessons is that monopoly is powerful ... and laws do not work very well unless they are very careful crafted. Most statutory laws are notable not for what they control, but what they allow ... whether this is because of sloppy lawmaking or because the lawmakers know exactly what they are doing is a matter of opinion.

1970s – new oil and old oil

The oil shock of 1973 was a wake up call ... and not surprisingly Washington went to work to legislate a solution. Part of the solution was going to be the profit incentive and removal of price controls over domestic production of oil and gas. Oil from oil wells that were already producing was to keep the old price. Oil from new wells could be sold at the (then much higher) prevailing market price. Not surprisingly production of old oil declined and production of new oil increased ... never mind the timeline for creation of new wells was months and years, but the change took place in days. Did the legislators know this was going to happen and give great profit to (their friends) the oil industry? Clearly this was good popular legislation because the old price controls were kept in place, and high price incentive was only allowed for incremental new production that was needed ... or was this just a sham?

1970s – Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

In the aftermath of the 1970s oil shocks, a new era of international profit opportunities emerged. For the first time in history there were many governments that had previously unimaginable wealth ... the oil exporting countries ... and the world's entrepreneurs wanted to tap into this market.

Bribery, kickbacks, etc. emerged as the marketing modality of the era ... but it was found offensive by much of the public when the media started to tell stories. Stories about Lockheed were everywhere ... but not much about Boeing. The American press has all sorts of stories ... but not so much in the European press.

Washington had to do something ... and this something was the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. I am not a lawyer but I get the impression that this law, like so many others is big on PR, but rather irrelevant in terms of addressing the underlying core problem ... and it is relatively easy to step around.

Getting control of a value chain is enormously valuable ... this is true with the oil value chain ... it is true with any market where there are a limited number of competing entities.

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Value Chain – Coffee Production Land Prepare land Plant coffee Tend growing trees Harvest coffee Post harvest activities Transport coffee Wash coffee beens Dry coffee Transport coffee Store coffee Process coffee Grade coffee Store coffee Taste coffee Store coffee Auction coffee – physical auction Auction coffee – futures Transport coffee Export coffee Insure coffee Ship coffee Coffee market futures Store coffee Roast coffee Grind coffee Package coffee Wholesale coffee Transport and distribution Retail coffee – coffee shop Retail coffee – store Consume coffee

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Value Chain ... Fair Trade Coffee

The Fair Trade movement has become popular ... but is it a value adding initiative of something that merely adds to the complexity, adds to the cost and really does not do very much good.

The Fair Trade Value Chain

I watched a TV documentary about Fair Trade (probably in 2005) which followed some foreign buyers as they toured through Central America on a Fair Trade buying trip. The narrator pointed out that this was very important to the villages being visited, because if their quality was acceptable to the buyers they would get the higher Fair Trade prices.

So far so good ... but the narrator did not answer the question about what price the village would get if the quality was not good enough! The data included in the documentary seemed to suggest that Fair Trade was mainly marketing PR and hardly relevant for farmers.

Production Land Prepare land Plant coffee Tend growing trees Harvest coffee Post harvest activities Transport coffee Wash coffee beens Dry coffee Transport coffee Store coffee Process coffee Grade coffee Store coffee Taste coffee Store coffee Auction coffee – physical auction Auction coffee – futures Transport coffee Fair Trade ... how much of the post harvest value chain is Fair Trade? Export coffee Insure coffee Ship coffee Coffee market futures Store coffee Roast coffee Grind coffee Package coffee Fair Trade ... Fair Trade certification fees ... who gets this money and what is it used for? Wholesale coffee Transport and distribution Retail coffee – coffee shop Fair Trade ... higher prices Retail coffee – store Consume coffee

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Land Land acquisition for development Planning approval Development permits Impact studies Utilities – electricity Utilities – water Utilities – sewage Utilities – solid waste disposal Infrastructure – roads Infrastructure – drainage Services to properties Services to people – education Services to people – health Services to people – transport Services to people – unemployment insurance Services to people – retirement insurance Land as lots Building permits Build house Finance house building Buy house Finance house purchase / ownership Legal work around real estate transactions Title search Title insurance Attorney for the bank Attorney for the developer Attorney for the owner Certificate of occupancy Inspections Sales of mortgage to another financial institution Bundling of mortgages into another financial instrument Bond rating agency Bond insurance Resale of mortgage bundle to another financial institution Default on mortgage payments Cash flow from mortgage payments drops Value of mortgage paper drops Contact between mortgage owner and borrower / homeowner Attorney contact Courts Foreclosure Move out Property empty Auction ... sheriff sale Owner in new place

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FUND FLOW PROBLEMS

Phantom Aid The amount of money being raised for international relief and development assistance is huge.

Fund raising in the aftermath of natural disaster is impressive, and shows how supportive many people are of development initiatives.

But sadly the relief and development industry is less than candid about how the resources are used and what is being accomplished.

In 2003 a well know UK based NGO named this Phantom Aid. Some years before the phenomenon had been described as “Black Hole Development” implying that no matter how much fund flow there was, the results would still be the same!

Value destruction

The amount of money that gets spent and the amount of good that gets done seems to be more and more unrelated. Five decades or more of teaching MBA students about ways to maximize profit without teaching much about society has created a very large community of experts in profit maximization and hardly anyone that has a deep understanding of the social costs and value destruction associated with this economic paradigm. The problem, however, is worse, because the relief and development industry has many people well trained in various other disciplines, but with rather little training in this dimension of economics ... and even less trained in accountancy..

Focus on disbursement ... on activity

Metrics ought to serve the needs of society ... but the easy metric that has been important in the Breton Woods institutions and their development clones has been disbursement. While there are cases where disbursement is a useful proxy for results, this is not so when it is used to the exclusion of almost anything else. Disbursement serves as a fairly good proxy for activity ... but neither can stand in for result other than in a very controlled and stable environment. Development, when it is successful, is not stable, but progressing ... and the only metric worth having is a measure of the results.

Sovereignty ... anything goes

The idea of sovereignty that embraces the independence of a people from a foreign power is good ... but the use of the idea of sovereignty to allow a regime of “anything goes” is not. People are being treated abominably by governments and elite leaderships ... and external interference is constrained by the idea of sovereignty. At what point does doing right become the driver of meaningful action?

Weak financial controls

Weak financial controls has been endemic and as a result all sorts of resources have gone missing ... stolen money ... stolen inventory ... over invoicing ... under delivering. Embezzlement of all sorts ... petty corruption and grand corruption.

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UNDERSTANDING COST AND VALUE BEHAVIOR

COST, PRICE AND VALUE AND VALUE CHAIN

Price has an important role in the matter of economic incentive ... and the question of sustainability. The value chain works and is efficient when the transfer pricing through the value chain provides a reasonable rate of return on capital employed within each piece of the value chain. If any of the links in the chain become unprofitable, the value chain becomes dysfunctional.

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HOW PRICE IMPACTS COMMUNITY

Price is a key variable in the performance of society. It is not as important as cost, but the way price is used in society determines the way value is shared between the various economic actors. The following graphic shows how an economic transactions that has costs and value is shared between the enterprise and the client depending on the price being applied to the transaction.

For society as a whole the value adding is the difference between the value and the cost. For the client the value adding is what is left of value adding after the enterprise has taken out its profit. In the profit maximizing enterprise the goal is to have profit as much as possible, and the amount left in the hands of the client is of little consequence.

Base Case

In a lower cost case the enterprise profit increases at the same price point ... and the amount of value derived by the client stays the same.

Lower Cost Case

If the client and the enterprise are in the same community it does not matter so much whether the client or the enterprise has what share of the value added ... but where the enterprise is from outside the community it matters a lot. In the case where the enterprise is external ... the case of Foreign Direct

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Investment (FDI) for example ... the value adding for the community is small because the profit leaves the community. If the costs are incurred in the community there is some multiplier effect ... but typically local disbursements are small and most of the costs, as for example in mining are equipment, fuel, expatriate payroll .... with rather little value for the community.

The External Enterprise Case

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Value chain

The value chain is very well understood in the corporate sector, and there has has been very effective profit improvement for the corporate sector by taking advantage of all sorts of cost improvement opportunities in manufacturing to improve the profit bottom line.

But the deep knowledge of the corporate value chain is not matched by anything like the same amount of understanding of the value chain as it impacts social value and the impact of corporate activities on society.

Example

The relocation of manufacturing from the United States to China has been very profitable ... but what are the costs to society that do not figure in the corporate accountancy. Nobody has been doing Community Accountancy and nobody knows.

We do know corporate profits increased as more and more manufacturing was outsourced to low cost areas. We do know something of the job creation in these low cost areas and we do know something of the job losses in the place4s where manufacturing plants were closed ... but what we know is far less than what we need to know. We do not really know very much at all about the impact on the communities --- this is not part of a system of metrics, and only part of what we need to know is on the record.

Value Chain

Al Gore on July 17th, 2008

'We're borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Persian Gulf to burn it in ways that destroy the planet,' he said. 'Every bit of that has to change.'

Example

Over the past 30 years the USA has taken apart most of the regulatory framework around banking and the capital markets, with very good results reported by the institutions in the sector over this period of time. The good results do not, however, take into account the costs of the periodic failures of big institutions in the sector (Continental Illinois) and whole segments of the sector (Savings and Loan). But worse they do not take into account the wealth that is merely removed from one segment of society to become profit in the banking and finance sector. The sub-prime mortgage crisis is just the latest in a series of moves over the years by the banking and capital market industry to concentrate wealth in their sector at the expense of society as a whole.

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