Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book
Open external link
'https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16510-3'
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Marine Anthropogenic Litter
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Introduction / Brief History of the Research
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Chapter 1 ... A Brief History of Marine Litter Research
Peter G. Ryan
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-01
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Part I ... Abiotic Aspects of Marine ... Litter Pollution
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Chapter 2 ... Global Distribution, Composition and Abundance of Marine Litter
François Galgani, Georg Hanke and Thomas Maes
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-02
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Chapter 3 ... Persistence of Plastic Litter in the Oceans ...
Anthony L. Andrady
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-03
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Part II ... Biological Implications of Marine Litter
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Chapter 4 ... Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life ...
Susanne Kühn, Elisa L. Bravo Rebolledo and Jan A. van Franeker
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-04
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Chapter 5 ... The Complex Mixture, Fate and Toxicity of Chemicals Associated with Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment ...
Chelsea M. Rochman
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-05
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Chapter 6 ... Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector ...
Tim Kiessling, Lars Gutow and Martin Thiel
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-06
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Part III ... Microplastics
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Chapter 7 ... Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Consequences and Solutions ...
Richard C. Thompson
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-07
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Chapter 8 ... Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal ...
Martin G.J. Löder and Gunnar Gerdts
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-08
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Chapter 9 ... Sources and Pathways of Microplastics to Habitats ...
Mark A. Browne
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-09
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Chapter 10 ... Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Distribution, Interactions and Effects ...
Amy Lusher
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-10
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Chapter 11 ... Modeling the Role of Microplastics in Bioaccumulation of Organic Chemicals to Marine Aquatic Organisms. A Critical Review
Albert A. Koelmans
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-11
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Chapter 12 ... Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment. Critical Review ...
Albert A. Koelmans, Ellen Besseling and Won J. Shim
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-12
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Part IV ... Socio-economic Implications of Marine Anthropogenic Litter
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Chapter 13 ... Micro- and Nano-plastics and Human Health ...
Tamara S. Galloway
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-13
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Chapter 14 ... The Economics of Marine Litter ...
Stephanie Newman, Emma Watkins, Andrew Farmer, Patrick ten Brink and Jean-Pierre Schweitzer
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-14
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Chapter 15 ... Regulation and Management of Marine Litter ...
Chung-Ling Chen
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-15
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Chapter 16 ... The Contribution of Citizen Scientists to the Monitoring of Marine Litter ...
Valeria Hidalgo-Ruz and Martin Thiel
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Open PDF ... Marine-Anthropogenic-Litter-Book-Ch-16
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Brands wake up to tragedy of the oceans
By Angeli Mehta
Ethical Corporation Plastics Briefing 2017
Shocking images of marine life choking on plastic waste are finally
moving companies to innovate on more sustainable packaging
solutions. But can we kick a decades-old addiction?
Plastics are indispensable to modern life, yet our careless discarding of
them is choking our oceans and doing untold damage to marine life. And
to ourselves.
According to the Ellen McArthur Foundation, 8 million tonnes of plastic a
day is dumped into our oceans, and by 2050 there will be more plastic than
fish by weight. Once in the ocean, plastic absorbs toxins and breaks down
into tiny pieces, which find our way into our own food chain.
Only 20% of the 300 million tonnes a year of plastics produced is recycled.
As CDP’s recent Catalyst for Change report points out, plastics production is
one of the chemical industry’s highest greenhouse gas emitting processes, and
more than a quarter of plastics production is used for packaging. If plastics are
to have a future we will need to be able to recycle them back into valuable
products time and again, and we will need to find new ways to make them.
The shocking images of oceans awash with waste that will be floating around
for hundreds of years are beginning to have an impact. As the CDP report’s
authors ask: Is this going to be the ‘diesel moment’ for the plastics industry?
Earlier this month Andy Clarke, former boss of Asda, called on supermarkets to stop using plastic packaging altogether, and for the UK packaging
industry and supermarkets to “work together to turn off the tap”.
Coca-Cola is estimated to make 110bn single-use plastic bottles every year, more than half of which don’t get recycled © WOLF WICHMANN / GREENPEACE
While energy recovery avoids the use of fossil fuels it can only be done once, and it still releases CO2 into the atmosphere, and potentially toxins too
Some brands are trying to engage consumers by putting recycled marine
plastics into their packaging (see P&G’s recycling message in a bottle to
consumers); they and others have pledged to expand their use of recycled
materials, and make more, if not all, of their packaging recyclable.
Scale needed
Sky says it will ban all single-use plastics in its products, operations and
supply chain by 2020. If followed
through, such initiatives will cut both
waste and the burgeoning carbon
emissions from plastics production.
The scale is immense: consider CocaCola, which is estimated to make 110 billion single-use plastic bottles every year – more than half of which don’t get recycled.
Australian NGO Boomerang Alliance estimates that one-third of marine litter is drinks bottles.
Many promising technologies are emerging from start-ups, but development takes years and without investment it’s a struggle to get to scale. Without scale they can’t challenge the old order of petroleum-based plastics, which are now so cheap to make, thanks to rock-bottom oil prices.
Too valuable for landfill
Waste processors want to know there’s a guaranteed market for a recycling stream, and until enough material can be processed, that can’t be proven either.
Plastics are too valuable to be sent to landfill. The manufacturers’ association Plastics Europe calculated that if all plastics waste were to be diverted
from landfill by 2025, an extra 5 million tonnes of plastic would be available for
recycling every year. Plastics that couldn’t yet be recycled would be used for
energy recovery. It estimates that this route would provide energy for 30 million
people, and would save 70 million barrels of oil used in industrial processes,
such as cement making. It also suggests up to 300,000 jobs would be created.
Nine European countries have a landfill ban in place: recycling rates are a
little higher there but more plastics waste gets burnt for energy than is recycled. While “energy recovery” avoids the use of fossil fuels it can only be done
once, and it still releases CO2 into the atmosphere, and potentially toxins too.
‘I don’t know
what we can do
about the 1.5C
rise in ocean
temperatures,
but we could
do something
about plastics
right now’
In fact, a European Commission communication on energy to waste concluded
that the practice is “inconsistent with more ambitious recycling targets”.
What will make the difference?
Perhaps policy is needed: but which
carrots and which sticks will be
effective? Charging for single-use
plastic bags made a difference
almost overnight.
Last month the Scottish government pledged to introduce a
deposit-return scheme for bottles and
cans, and more recently Defra has set
up a working group to examine how
such a scheme could run in England.
“We could look at metrics other
than weight,” suggests Carlos Palafox-Ludlow, one of the founders
of Enval, which recycles plastic
aluminium laminates. “We could better
channel investment if we looked
at the carbon locked up, and [the
energy] .... it took to produce the item in the first place.”
Consumers action needed
Tom Szaky, co-founder of Terracycle, the New Jersey company that made its name tackling hard-to-recycle materials, suggests subsidies could help recyclers compete. However, consumers need to play their part both by recycling and “choosing products that try to make a difference,” Szaky says.
The naturalist and filmmaker David Attenborough added his voice to the global call for urgent action earlier this month when he launched his second series of Blue Planet, which will feature distressing scenes of albatrosses spending weeks away from their chicks gathering food, and returning with bellies full of nothing but plastic.
“What we’re going to do about the 1.5C rise in the temperature of the ocean over the next 10 years, I don’t know,” he told one interviewer. “But we could actually do something about plastic right now.”
On the following pages, we look at the current state of innovation to tackle this issue and the challenges to scaling up new technologies to improve plastics recycling and make plastics from renewable materials.
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Ethical-Corporation-Plastics-Briefing
'http://truevaluemetrics.org/DBpdfs/Pollution/Ethical-Corporation-Plastics-Briefing.pdf'
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Open PDF ... Ethical-Corporation-Plastics-Briefing
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